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Door County, Wisconsin

Coordinates: 45°01′N 87°01′W / 45.02°N 87.01°W / 45.02; -87.01
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Door County
County
Door County Government Center in Sturgeon Bay
Door County Government Center in Sturgeon Bay
Map of Wisconsin highlighting Door County
Location within the U.S. state of Wisconsin
Map of the United States highlighting Wisconsin
Wisconsin's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 45°01′N 87°01′W / 45.02°N 87.01°W / 45.02; -87.01
Country United States
State Wisconsin
Founded1851
Named forPorte des Morts
SeatSturgeon Bay
Largest citySturgeon Bay
Area
 • Total2,370 sq mi (6,100 km2)
 • Land482 sq mi (1,250 km2)
 • Water1,888 sq mi (4,890 km2)  80%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total30,066
 • Estimate 
(2023)
30,562 Increase
 • Density62.4/sq mi (24.1/km2)
DemonymDoor Countyite[1]
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Area code920
Congressional district8th
Websiteco.door.wi.gov
Wisconsin county code 15
FIPS county code 55029

Door County is the easternmost county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 30,066.[2] Its county seat is Sturgeon Bay.[3]

It is named after the strait between the Door Peninsula and Washington Island. This dangerous passage, known as Death's Door, contains shipwrecks and was known to Native Americans and early French explorers. The county was created in 1851 and organized in 1861.[4]

Nicknamed the "Cape Cod of the Midwest," Door County is a popular Upper Midwest vacation destination.

History

[edit]
Further information: Door Peninsula § Archaeology

Native Americans and French

[edit]
Further information: Door Peninsula § Potawatomi and Menominee

Porte des Morts legend

[edit]

Door County's name came from Porte des Morts ("Death's Door"), the passage between the tip of Door Peninsula and Washington Island.[5] The name "Death's Door" came from Native American tales, heard by early French explorers and published in greatly embellished form by Hjalmar Holand, which described a failed raid by the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) tribe to capture Washington Island from the rival Pottawatomi tribe in the early 1600s. It has become associated with shipwrecks within the passage.[6] The earliest known written reference to the legend is from Emmanuel Crespel [fr], who termed the peninsula "Cap a la Mort" in 1728.[7]

Settlement and development

[edit]

19th–20th century settlement

[edit]
Graves of Increase Claflin and family

The 19th and 20th centuries saw the immigration and settlement of pioneers, mariners, fishermen, loggers, and farmers. The first white settler was Increase Claflin.[8] In 1851, Door County was separated from what had been Brown County.[9] In 1853, Moravians founded Ephraim after Nils Otto Tank resisted attempts at land ownership reform at the old religious colony near Green Bay.[10] An African-American community and congregation worshiping at West Harbor on Washington Island was described in 1854.[11] Also in 1854 the first post office in the county opened, on Washington Island.[12] In the 19th century, a fairly large-scale immigration of Belgian Walloons populated a small region in the southern portion of the county,[13] including the area designated as the Namur Historic District. They built small roadside votive chapels, some still in use today,[14] and brought other traditions over from Europe such as the Kermiss harvest festival.[15]

Shortly after the 1831 Treaty of Washington,[16] the federal government surveyed what is now Door County to determine the value of the timber and to divide up parcels for eventual sale.[17][18] Following the treaty, land in what is now the county was sold or granted to private citizens. Lots from 40 to 320 acres (16 to 129 ha) were sold at 50 cents an acre.[19] From 1841 to 1932, 1,661 land patents were issued to private citizens.[20] Of these, 774 were bounty-land warrants to veterans authorized by the Scrip Warrant Acts of 1842, 1850, 1852, and 1855.[21] The other patents concerned the sale of land: 711 patents were filed under the Land Act of 1820,[22] 139 patents were filed under the Homestead Act of 1862,[23] and 37 patents were filed under the Morrill Act of 1862.[24]

At the time the Homestead Act of 1862 was passed, most of the county's nearly 2,000 farmers were squatters earning most of their revenue from lumber and wood products. The most common product was cordwood; a cord of maple sold for 37 and a half cents. The remaining portion of the population consisted of about 1,000 fishermen and their families. The fishing industry centered on Washington Island, which at 632 persons was the most populated area at the time. Sturgeon Bay had a population of 230 people. Fishermen caught lake trout and whitefish, which were sold for two cents per pound. Out of the total population of 2,948 people, 170 fought in the Civil War. Most enlisted in 1861 or 1862. The entire assessed valuation of the county that year was $395,000, with an average of $8.00 in tax assessed to each family. It was difficult to earn enough money to pay taxes, which were often delinquent. There were 25 school districts, but staffing was a challenge due to delinquent taxes. Highway 42 between Sturgeon Bay and Egg Harbor had 27 chronic mudholes, some more than 3,000 feet (910 m) long and passage by wagons was at times unfeasible.[25]

When the 1871 Peshtigo fire burned the town of Williamsonville, fifty-nine people were killed. The area of this disaster is now Tornado Memorial County Park, named for a fire whirl which occurred there.[26][27][28] Altogether, 128 people in the county perished in the Peshtigo fire.[9][10] Following the fire, some residents decided to use brick instead of wood.[29]

In 1885 or 1886, what is now the Coast Guard Station was established at Sturgeon Bay.[30][31] The small, seasonally open station on Washington Island was established in 1902.[32]

Excursion party on the Sailor Boy; postmarked 1906 in Sturgeon Bay. The Sailor Boy and other small steamboats stopped at Menominee to take on rail passengers. Since rail service was faster, tourists from Chicago would first take a northbound train in order to board steamboats bound for resort communities.[33]
This 1924 postcard produced by Curt Teich & Company reads, "Cedar Glen, one of the many free tourists' camp sites in Peninsula State Park, Door County Wisconsin."

Early tourism

[edit]

Even after the Ahnapee and Western extended service to Sturgeon Bay in 1894, many tourists continued taking the railroad to Menominee, Michigan[a] to embark on steamships bound for communities in Door County. This route over Green Bay bypassed poor road conditions in the northern part of the county, which persisted until the early 1920s. Only after crushed stone highways were built did motor and horse-drawn coaches become popular for transportation between Sturgeon Bay and the northern part of the peninsula.[34][9] By 1909 at least 1,000 tourists visited per year,[35] a figure which grew to about 125,000 in 1920,[36] 1 million in 1969,[37] 1.25 million in 1978,[38] and 1.9 million in 1995.[39] In 1938 Jens Jensen cautioned about negative cultural impacts of tourism. He wrote, "Door County is slowly being ruined by the stupid money crazed fools. This tourist business is destroying the little bit of culture that was."[40]

20th–21st-century events

[edit]

In 1913, The Old Rugged Cross was first sung at the Friends Church in Sturgeon Bay as a duet by two traveling preachers.[41]

On June 14, 1939, Ted Bellak flew his German-made glider Dove of Peace for 56 miles (90 km) from the newly opened Cherryland Airport to Frankfort, Michigan. He was towed into the air on a 3⁄8-inch-wide (9.5 mm), 200-foot-long (61 m) rope prior to gliding independently.[42] At the time, this was the farthest distance traveled in a glider over a body of water. The trip took one hour and six minutes,[43][44] with 57 minutes spent over Lake Michigan.[45]

In 2004, the county began a sister cities relationship with Jingdezhen in southeastern China.[46]

Geography

[edit]
Aerial view of Sturgeon Bay, Northport, and Plum, Detroit, Washington, and Rock islands

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,370 square miles (6,100 km2), of which 482 square miles (1,250 km2) is land and 1,888 square miles (4,890 km2) (80%) is water.[47] It is the largest county in Wisconsin by total area.

In general the shoreline is characterized by the scarp face on the west side. On the east side peat is followed by dunes and beaches of sand or gravel along the lakeshore.[48] During years with receding lake levels, flora along the shore demonstrates plant succession. The middle of the peninsula is mostly flat with some rolling. There are three distinct aquifers and two types of springs present in the county.[49][50]

The county covers the majority of the Door Peninsula. With the completion of the Sturgeon Bay Shipping Canal in 1881,[51] the northern half of the peninsula became an artificial island.[52] This canal is believed to have somehow "caused a wonderful increase in the quantity of fish" in nearby waters[53] and also caused a reduction in the sturgeon population in the bay due to changes in the aquatic habitat.[54] The 45th parallel north bisects the "island", and this is commemorated by Meridian County Park.[55][56]

Features

[edit]

Escarpment and dolomites

[edit]
Niagara Escarpment
Door Bluff Headlands County Park, view of the escarpment
Rosiere Wind Farm
Outcroppings of exposed bedrock at Newport State Park approximately 10 feet (3.0 m) from Lake Michigan

Dolomite outcroppings of the Niagara Escarpment are visible on both shores of the peninsula, but cliffs along the cuesta ridge are especially prominent on the Green Bay side, including at Bayshore Blufflands. South of Sturgeon Bay the steep side of the escarpment separates into multiple lower ridges without as many larger exposed rock faces.[57] The face of the escarpment varies in appearance. It may consist of a bare rock face of dolomite alone, or as a face with dolomite above and shale underneath. Sometimes the rock layers are covered with glacial till.[58]

Dolomites in the county have been separated by the different patterns marking the rocks. Each pattern is thought to represent a different general marine habitat from their formation. One layer has relatively straight and flat marks in the rocks, and is accompanied by fossils indicating a tidal flat, especially ostracods. The second layer of rocks has ripple marks and wavy patterns. Since the corals and shells in this layer are broken, the layer is inferred to have formed farther down along the reef shelf, where the corals and shells were exposed to the pounding of the waves. The third layer has rocks full of fossil burrows from marine animals. This layer formed in a still-deeper part of the middle reef under mostly calm conditions. Here, calm waters protected an abundant number of burrowing animals. Along with the fossil burrows are corals, brachiopods, and echinoderms. Yet the rocks in the third layer are interspersed with broken and disturbed material, indicating periodic storms. Each of these three layers is divided into smaller and more detailed sublayers.[59]

The bluffs are interrupted by a series of lowlands which stretch along a northwest to southeast direction; Sturgeon Bay and the Portes de Mortes passage are two of these lowlands.[60] Beyond the peninsula's northern tip, the partially submerged ridge forms the Potawatomi Islands, which stretch to the Garden Peninsula in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The largest of these is Washington Island. The islands form the Town of Washington[61] and also the southern part of Fairbanks Township in Delta County, Michigan.[62] The lakebed along the scarp face on the Green Bay side has a sharp bottom gradient, while in many places the lakebed of the Lake Michigan side has a more gentle bottom gradient.[63]

Areas overlooking the scarp face are attractive locations for houses and communications towers, and the stone of the escarpment is quarried.[64] A former stone quarry five miles northeast of Sturgeon Bay is now a county park.[65] Many caves are found in the escarpment.[66][67]

Shores

[edit]

The county has 298 miles (480 km) of shoreline. In 2012, 268 miles (431 km) of the shoreline along Lake Michigan and Green Bay was surveyed and characterized by type. 42.9 miles (69.0 km) of the shore was made of artificial materials, while the remaining 225.1 miles (362.3 km) was natural. Of the natural shorelines, 167.8 miles (270.0 km) consisted of bedrock and boulders, 39.3 miles (63.2 km) was sandy, 17.4 miles (28.0 km) were covered in smaller stones such as shingles, pebbles, and cobbles, and 0.6 miles (0.97 km) was silty or mucky. Out of the total area surveyed, 101.0 miles (162.5 km) consisted of a flat coast, 88.9 miles (143.1 km) consisted of 2-to-10-foot (1 to 3 m) bluffs, 68.8 miles (110.7 km) consisted of 2-to-10-foot (1 to 3 m) dunes, and 9.3 miles (15.0 km) consisted of high bluffs taller than 10 feet (3 m).[68]

High points

[edit]
Further information: Door Peninsula § High points
View from the top of Old Baldy in August

Eskers are only found in the far southwest corner of the county, but drumlins and small moraines also occur farther up the peninsula.[69] The Door-Leelanau Ridge is an underwater moraine cutting across Lake Michigan between Door and Leelanau counties.[70] A lacustrine terrace is located in Robert LaSalle Park.[71]

The 102-foot-high (31 m) Brussels Hill[72] (44°45′06″N 87°35′27″W / 44.75166°N 87.59093°W / 44.75166; -87.59093 (Brussels Hill), elevation 851 feet [259 m]), a crater-shaped impact structure,[73] is the highest point in the county.[74] The nearby Red Hill Woods is the largest remaining maple–beech forest in the area.[75]

Old Baldy (44°55′13″N 87°12′07″W / 44.920344°N 87.20192°W / 44.920344; -87.20192 (Old Baldy)) is the state's tallest sand dune[76] at 93 feet above the lake level.[77]

Pollution

[edit]
Main article: Pollution in Door County, Wisconsin

The combination of shallow soils and fractured bedrock makes well water contamination more likely. At any given time, at least one-third of private wells may contain bacteria.[78][79]

Mines, prior landfills, and former orchard sites are considered impaired lands and marked on an electronic county map.[80] A different electronic map shows the locations of private wells polluted with lead, arsenic, and other contaminants down to the section level.[81]

Most air pollution reaching the monitor in Newport State Park comes from outside the county.[82] The stability of air over the Lake Michigan shore along with the lake breezes may increase the concentration of ozone along the shoreline.[83] Additionally, pollution modeling predicts the presence of locally generated air pollution associated with vehicular traffic in the city of Sturgeon Bay.[84]

Soils

[edit]
Generalized soil and physiography maps[b]

Soil map, from 1910
Soils Map, from 1956

Physiography, drainage, and geology map, from 1978
Further information: Economy of Door County, Wisconsin § Non-metallic mining and agriculture

The most common USDA soil association in the northern two-thirds of the county is the Summerville[c]-Longrie[d]-Omena.[e][85] These associated soils typically are less than three feet deep. Altogether, thirty-nine percent of the county is mapped as having less than three feet (about a meter) to the dolomite bedrock. Because there is relatively little soil over much of the peninsula and the bedrock is fractured, snowmelt quickly enters the aquifer. This causes seasonal basement flooding in some areas.[86]

Soils in the county are classified as "frigid" because they usually have an average annual temperature of less than 46.4 °F (8.0 °C). The implication of this classification is that county soils are expected to be wetter and have less microbial activity than soils in warmer areas classified as "mesic". County soils are colder than those in inland areas of Wisconsin due to the climate-moderating effects of nearby bodies of water.[87]

Climate

[edit]
Main article: Climate of Door County, Wisconsin

The county has a humid continental climate (classified as Dfb in Köppen) with warm summers and cold snowy winters. Data from the Peninsular Agricultural Research Station north of the city of Sturgeon Bay gives average monthly temperatures ranging from 68.7 °F (20.4 °C) in the summer down to 18.0 °F (−7.8 °C) in the winter. The moderating effects of nearby bodies of water reduce the likelihood of damaging late spring freezes. Late spring freezes are less likely to occur than in nearby areas, and when they do occur, they tend not to be as severe.[88]

Attractions

[edit]
Road in Shivering Sands wetland complex, January 1

In 1905, Theodore Roosevelt recommended that the Shivering Sands area be protected.[89] Today this area includes Whitefish Dunes, Kellner's Fen, Shivering Sands wetland complex,[90] and Cave Point County Park.[91] Hjalmar Holand, an Ephraim resident,[92] promoted Door County as a tourist destination in the first half of the 20th century. He served on a committee begun in 1927 to protect and promote historical sites,[93] and as a result of this effort the county historical society purchased lands that are now county parks, including Tornado Park, Robert LaSalle Park, Murphy Park, Increase Claflin Park, and the Ridges Sanctuary.[94]

Today, most tourists and summer residents come from the metropolitan areas of Milwaukee, Chicago, Madison, Green Bay, and the Twin Cities,[95] although Illinois residents are the dominant group both in Door County and farther south along the eastern edge of Wisconsin.[96]

Recreational lands

[edit]
View in August from the Potawatomi State Park Observation Tower. The small island is Heaven On Earth Island, formerly Bug Island.[97] On the left is Cabot Point, part of the Idlewild area, and on the right is the northwest shore of Sturgeon Bay featuring the rock cut of the Old Stone Quarry, once the largest in the state.[65] Green Island appears as a very faint line along the horizon.

Lands open to public use

[edit]

Door County is home to six state parks.[98][99] Four are on the peninsula: Newport State Park, northeast of Ellison Bay; Peninsula State Park, east of Fish Creek; Potawatomi State Park, along Sturgeon Bay; and Whitefish Dunes State Park along Lake Michigan. Two are located on islands: Rock Island State Park and Grand Traverse Island State Park.[f] In addition to the nature centers located inside the state parks, there are three others outside the parks. There are four State Wildlife and Fishery Areas[g] and also State Natural Areas that allow free public access.[102][h] Additionally, Plum Island and the 148.65 acres (60.16 ha) of Detroit Island within the Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge are seasonally open for public recreation.[103]

Besides county,[104] town, and community parks,[105][106] there is a boy scout camp, a Christian camp,[107] and a public site operated by The Archaeological Conservancy.[108][109] A land trust operates 14 privately owned parks open to the public,[110] and 3,277.3 acres (1,326.3 ha) of privately owned lands are open to the public for hunting, fishing, hiking, sight-seeing and cross-country skiing under the Managed Forest Program.[111]

Beaches

[edit]
Further information: Pollution in Door County, Wisconsin § Beach contamination; and Climate of Door County, Wisconsin § Lake breeze
Nicolet Bay at Peninsula State Park, Nicolet Beach in the center. Since this was taken in mid-September, the beach is mostly empty.

Including both the Lake Michigan and Green Bay shores, there are 54 public beaches or boat launches[112] and 39 kayak launch sites,[113] leading to the area's promotion as "the Cape Cod of the Midwest".[114] 35 beaches are routinely monitored for water quality advisories.[115]

Although Door County has fewer sunny days than most counties in Wisconsin and Illinois, it also has less rainfall and lower summer temperatures,[116] making for an optimal beach-going climate.

Waters

[edit]
Further information: Door Peninsula § Waters
Lakes and ponds
[edit]
For details about the size and public accessibility of county lakes, see List of lakes of Wisconsin § Door County.

Besides Lake Michigan and Green Bay, there are 26 lakes, ponds, or marshes and 37 rivers, creeks, streams, and springs in the county.[117] The two deepest lakes, Mackaysee Lake at 26 feet (8 m) and Krause Lake at 24 feet (7 m) are on Chambers Island.[71] All streams in the county originate within the county;[71] together they have a combined length of 93 miles (150 km), with none more than 15 miles (24 km) long.[118] The five trout streams have a combined length of 14 miles (23 km) suitable for trout fishing.[119]

Wetlands
[edit]

55,124 acres (22,308 ha) of wetlands cover 18% of the county's land area.[120] 11,400 acres (4,600 ha) of Door Peninsula Coastal Wetlands are listed under the Ramsar Convention as wetlands of international importance.[121] The listing includes three areas previously recognized as "Wetland Gems".[122]

Wetland Access[123]
Baileys Harbor Swamp privately owned, although some parcels at the edge of the swamp on the east of Highway 57 are owned by the DNR as part of Mud Lake State Natural Area[124]
Big Marsh (Gunnerson Marsh) 31.1 acres (12.6 ha) of water; partly within a DNR State Natural Area[125]
Button Marsh privately owned, 81.6 acres (33.0 ha) of Managed Forest Land[126] to the west; 71.6 acres (29.0 ha) to the southeast are owned an entity allowing public access[127]
Coffee Swamp 2.2 acres (0.89 ha) of water; mostly within a DNR State Natural Area[128]
Ephraim Swamp largely owned by an entity allowing free public access,[129] Ephraim Creek which runs through the swamp is a Class II[i] trout stream and is open to the public up to the ordinary high water mark.[130]
Gardner Swamp Gardner Swamp Wildlife Area[131] has three access sites[132] and 160 acres of adjacent Managed Forest Land[133]
Greenwood Swamp privately owned
Larson Swamp privately owned
Little Marsh (Wickman Marsh) 14 acres (5.7 ha) of water; DNR State Natural Area[125]
Kellner's Fen 60 to 80 acres (24 to 32 ha) of water; largely owned by an entity allowing public access[134]
Maplewood Swamp privately owned, but the Ahnapee Trail runs through part of it[135]
May Swamp privately owned
Stony Creek Swamp privately owned, but the Ahnapee Trail runs past the far south end[136]
Voecks Marsh 19.1 acres (7.7 ha) of water; within the Ridges Sanctuary which charges admission[137]

Recognized natural areas

[edit]

There are 29 state-defined natural areas in the county.[102]

Living plant collections

[edit]
This section is about cultivated plants. For wild plants and fungi, see Flora of Door County, Wisconsin.

Living plant collections include the orchid project at The Ridges Sanctuary[138] in Baileys Harbor and the U.S. Potato Genebank and a public garden in Sevastopol.[139][140]

Animals

[edit]
FWS staff banding a cormorant at night in July on Spider Island in the Wisconsin Islands Wilderness. The island is home to a nesting colony.[141] Banding was done at night so the chicks would be sleeping and less aware.

Unique vertebrates

[edit]

Tamias striatus doorsiensis, a subspecies of eastern chipmunk, is only found in Door, Kewaunee, Northeastern Brown, and possibly Manitowoc counties.[142] In 1999, the Wisconsin Natural Heritage Inventory listed 24 aquatic and 21 terrestrial animals in Door County as "rare."[143]

Birds

[edit]

As of 2018, 166 species of birds have been confirmed to live in Door County, excluding birds seen which lack the habitat to nest and must only be passing through.[144]

Other invertebrates

[edit]

Kangaroo Lake State Natural Area has the largest breeding population of the endangered Hine's Emerald Dragonfly in the world.[145] Motor vehicles kill an estimated 3,300 of them in the county each year.[146] In 2019, it was reported that out of 14 Hine's Emerald Dragonflies taken from nine locations within the county, all had the same haplotype, indicating a lower degree of genetic diversity. The dragonflies had been caught in the 1990s for other research.[147]

The Lake Huron locust lives on dunes in the county and is not found anywhere else in the state.[148]

During an experiment an estimated several thousand Mayflies hatched in Sawyer Harbor in 2016. They had previously been extirpated.[149]

Bryozoans have been noticed clinging to piers.[150]

Skiing and skating at Sturgeon Bay High School

Culture

[edit]

Lighthouses and historical sites

[edit]
Further information: National Register of Historic Places listings in Door County, Wisconsin

Including both Lake Michigan and Green Bay shorelines, there are 50 total lights and lighthouses, besides lighted buoys.[151] Out of these, there are 10 historically significant lighthouse structures and sets of lights still serving as navigational lights. Most of them were built during the 19th century and are listed in the National Register of Historic Places: Baileys Harbor Range Lights, Cana Island Lighthouse,[152] Chambers Island Lighthouse, Eagle Bluff Lighthouse, Pilot Island Lighthouse, Plum Island Range Lights,[153] Pottawatomie Lighthouse, and Sturgeon Bay Canal Lighthouse. Other functioning historic lighthouses in the county include the Sherwood Point Lighthouse and the Sturgeon Bay Canal North Pierhead Light.[154] The Boyer Bluff Light is mounted on an 80-foot skeletal tower.[155] In addition, the Baileys Harbor Light is a non-functioning 19th century lighthouse.[154]

Thirteen historical sites are marked in the state maritime trail for the area[156] in addition to nine roadside historical markers.[157] In Sturgeon Bay, the tugboat John Purves is operated as a museum ship. Including lighthouses, the county has 72 properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are 214 known confirmed and unconfirmed shipwrecks listed for the county,[158] including the SS Australasia, Christina Nilsson, Fleetwing, SS Frank O'Connor, Grape Shot, Green Bay, Hanover, Iris, SS Joys, SS Lakeland, Meridian, Ocean Wave, and Success. The SS Louisiana sank during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913.[159] Some shipwrecks are used for wreck diving.[160]

Buildings made from cordwood construction survive in the county, especially in the Bailey's Harbor area. Some, such as the Blacksmith Inn, are covered with clapboards on the outside.[161][162] It has been speculated that the use of stovewood in the county was associated with German immigrants and was also due to the lack of manpower needed to haul heavy logs.[163]

Food

[edit]
Some foods of Door County
lapskaus stand, Sister Bay, lapskaus is a Norwegian potato stew
Swedish meatballs, Sister Bay
Swedish pancakes, Sister Bay
chowder, within the county
fish boil platter, within the county
booyah, location not described
cherry pie, Sturgeon Bay
kitchen, July 1940
Sturgeon Bay High School (7–12) students eating, from the 1916–1917 school year, caption reads "Just lunching"

Agritourism and culinary tourism supports food production.[164]

Distinctive foods in the area include:

Scandinavian heritage

[edit]
Chancel and altarpiece inside the stave church on Washington Island

Scandinavian heritage-related attractions include The Clearing Folk School, two stave churches,[192] structures in Rock Island State Park furnished with rune-inscribed furniture,[193] and Al Johnson's Swedish Restaurant, which features goats on its grassy roof. In Ephraim, the Village Hall, the Moravian and Lutheran churches, and the Peter Peterson House are listed in the National Register of Historic Places, as is the L. A. Larson & Co. Store building in Sturgeon Bay. Although fish boils have been attributed to Scandinavian tradition,[194] several ethnicities present on the peninsula have traditions of boiling fish. The method common in the county is similar to that of Native Americans.[195][l]

Industry

[edit]

In Sturgeon Bay, industrial tourism includes tours of the Bay Shipbuilding Company,[196] CenterPointe Yacht Services[197][198] and other manufacturers.[199] In particular, Bay Ship owns a blue gantry crane that dominates the skyline.[200] A cheese factory in Clay Banks conducts public tours.[201]

Arts

[edit]

A quilt trail along roadside barns was organized in 2010.[202]

Sports

[edit]
Door County Fairgrounds
Door County fairgrounds grandstand in John Miles County Park
2015 IMCA Stock cars at Thunderhill Speedway in John Miles County Park.
Park sign; John Miles County Park is the official name of the county fairgrounds
Kettle Moraine Rough Riders drill team competing at the 2006 Door County Fair

High school sports teams play in the Packerland Conference, except for girls' swimming and golf, which compete in the Bay Conference.

In 2014, Door County ranked 264th out of all 3,141 U.S. counties by number of golf courses and country clubs. The county has nine courses, tying with 42 other counties. Door County had the 87th highest number of courses per resident of all U.S. counties.[203]

Flying

[edit]

In 2021, 49 aircraft were registered in the county,[204] up from 46 aircraft in 2019.[205] During the EAA AirVenture Oshkosh, a fish boil is held as a $100 hamburger event at the Washington Island Airport to entice AirVenture conventiongoers to land on the island.[206]

Radio stations

[edit]

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of Door County, Wisconsin

Door County's economy is considered a "forestry-related tourism"-based economy.[207] In 2020, the total gross domestic product (GDP) of the county was $1.39 billion, with the $274 million manufacturing industry overtaking real estate and rental and leasing that year to become the leading industry in the county at 19.7% of the overall GDP.[208]

Transportation

[edit]

Land

[edit]

According to the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT), in 2021 Door County had 1,270 miles (2,040 km) of roadways.[209] In county figures for 2007 there were 1,455 named roads in the county.[210] In 2013 there were 588 lane miles (946 lane km)[m] of county trunk highways, 1,743 lanemiles (2,805 lanekm) of local roads, and 268 lanemiles (431 lanekm) of state highways.[212] In WisDOT figures for 2018, there were 102 miles (164 km) of state highways, 296 miles (476 km) of county highways, and 872 miles (1,403 km) of local roads.[209]

Altogether, the county's roadways account for 1.10% of Wisconsin's 115,751 miles of public roadway.[209][213] The county's roadways saw 501 million miles of vehicle travel in 2019, which was 0.43% of the 115.7 billion miles driven statewide that year.[214][213] The highest volumes of traffic in the county occur on WIS 42/WIS 57 from the junction of the separated highways in Nasewaupee to the bridge over the bay.[215] From 2014 through 2017, fatalities and serious injuries especially occurred on the western side of the peninsula between the bay of Sturgeon Bay and Egg Harbor.[215] From 2018 through 2020, crashes involving injuries or fatalities peaked in the month of July, on Saturdays, and between 3:00 PM and 4:00 PM.[214]

WIS 57 in March (here concurrent with the Door County National Scenic Byway)
WIS 42 near Gills Rock in October

The combined WIS 42/WIS 57 separates again at a junction in Sevastapol. Following this separation, WIS 42 continues along the western side of the peninsula and sees more traffic than WIS 57,[215] which continues along the eastern side. The two highways combine again at a junction in Liberty Grove.

There are five rustic roads in the county.[218] In addition to state-recognized rustic roads, Liberty Grove manages a heritage roads program. As of 2019 there were 12 heritage roads in the town.[219]

There are 230.8 miles (371.4 km)[220] of snowmobile trails,[221][222] which are opened as trails are groomed.[223]

Non-motorized

[edit]
  • The Ahnapee State Trail connects Sturgeon Bay to Kewaunee, winter snowmobile access is dependent on weather and trail grooming.[224] Although the Ice Age Trail coincides with most of the Ahnapee State Trail, the Ice Age Trail forks away in the City of Sturgeon Bay and reaches its northern terminus at Potawatomi State Park.[225] Mountain bike trails are located in three of the state parks.[226][227]
  • WIS 42 and WIS 57 are part of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour.[228]
  • Egg Harbor operates a free public bicycle-sharing system, limited to daylight hours within the village during the tourist season.[229]

Bridges across Sturgeon Bay

[edit]
  • Sturgeon Bay Bridge (also called Michigan Street Bridge), truss structure, Scherzer-type, double-leaf, rolling-lift bascule with overhead counter-weights[230]
  • Oregon Street Bridge (reinforced concrete slab, rolling lift bascule girder with mechanical driven center locks)[231]
  • Bayview Bridge (monolithic concrete placed on structural deck with steel girder superstructure, open grating on deck, bascule)[232]

Ground transportation

[edit]

A daily private shuttle service operates between Green Bay–Austin Straubel International Airport and Sturgeon Bay.[233] The nearest intercity bus stop with regular service is in Green Bay.[234] There are multiple private and public ground transportation services within the county, but none with regularly scheduled stops for the general public.[235][236]

Air

[edit]

There are eleven airports in the county, including private or semi-public airports.

Ferry Robert Noble[o] serving Washington Island and Northport

Water

[edit]

Ferries

[edit]
  • Washington Island is served by two ferry routes operating between the Door Peninsula and Detroit Harbor. One route is a 30-minute ride on a freight, automobile, and passenger ferry that departs from the Northport Pier at the northern terminus of WIS 42. This ferry makes approximately 225,000 trips per year.[233] Another route is a 20- minute ride on a passenger-only ferry which departs from the unincorporated community of Gills Rock.[247]
  • Rock Island State Park is reachable by the passenger ferry Karfi from Washington Island.[248] During winter Rock Island is potentially accessible via snowmobile and foot traffic.
  • Although Chambers Island has no regularly scheduled ferry, there are boat operators which transport people to the island on call from Fish Creek.

Boat ramps and marinas

[edit]

Population and its health

[edit]
Population structures,
1930–2010
1930–1960 Census age diagrams
1970 Census Age Pyramid
2000 Census Age Pyramid
2010 Census Age Pyramid

Demographics

[edit]

2020 census

[edit]

As of the census of 2020,[252] the population was 30,066. The population density was 62.4 people per square mile (24.1 people/km2). There were 23,738 housing units at an average density of 49.3 units per square mile (19.0 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 92.3% White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 1.6% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 3.8% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2000 Census

[edit]

As of the 2000 census,[253] there were 27,961 people, 11,828 households, and 7,995 families residing in the county. The population density was 58 people per square mile (22 people/km2).[254] There were 19,587 housing units at an average density of 41 units per square mile (16 units/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.84% White, 0.19% Black or African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. 0.95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 39.4% were of German and 10.3% Belgian ancestry. A small pocket of Walloon speakers forms the only Walloon-language region outside of Wallonia and its immediate neighbors.[255][256]

Out of a total of 11,828 households, 58.10% were married couples living together, 6.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.40% were non-families. 28.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.84.[257]

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18602,948—
18704,91966.9%
188011,645136.7%
189015,08229.5%
190017,58316.6%
191018,7116.4%
192019,0731.9%
193018,182−4.7%
194019,0955.0%
195020,8709.3%
196020,685−0.9%
197020,106−2.8%
198025,02924.5%
199025,6902.6%
200027,9618.8%
201027,785−0.6%
202030,0668.2%
U.S. Decennial Census[258]
1790–1960[259] 1900–1990[260]
1990–2000[261] 2010[262] 2020[2]

For every 100 females there were 97.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.50 males. 22.10% of the population was under the age of 18,[264] a decrease from 25.9% being under the age of 18 in the 1990 census.[265]) Additionally, 6.10% were aged from 18 to 24, 25.40% from 25 to 44, and 27.70% from 45 to 64.[264]

Births, deaths, and migration

[edit]

In 2020, there were 192 births, giving a general fertility rate of 51.1 births per 1000 women aged 15–44, the 15th lowest rate out of 72 Wisconsin counties.[266]

Between April 2010 and January 2021, there were an estimated 2,257 births and 3,606 deaths in the county. Although the greater number of deaths served to decrease the population by an estimated 1,349 people, this was more than offset by a net gain of 2,654 people who moved in from outside the county. Altogether, the population increased by an estimated 1,305 persons during this period.[267] Based on 5-year ACS estimates, Door County is thought to have had a net loss of residents to other counties from 2009 to 2015 and also in 2018, but a net gain from other counties in 2016-2017 and 2019.[268]

The Jacksonport site of Stella Maris Catholic Parish, a six-point parish in the northern part of the county[269]

Religious statistics

[edit]

In 2010 statistics, the largest religious group in Door County was the Catholics, with 9,325 adherents worshipping at six parishes, followed by 2,982 ELCA Lutherans with seven congregations, 2,646 WELS Lutherans with seven congregations, 872 Moravians with three congregations, 834 United Methodists with four congregations, 533 non-denominational Christians with six congregations, 503 LCMS Lutherans with two congregations, 283 LCMC Lutherans with one congregation, 270 Converge Baptists with three congregations, 213 Episcopalians with one congregation, 207 UCC Christians with one congregation, and 593 other adherents. Altogether, 69.3% of the population was counted as adherents of a religious congregation.[270]

In 2014, Door County had the 719th-most religious organizations per resident out of all 3,141 U.S. counties, with 34 religious organizations in the county.[203]

Public health

[edit]

In most measures of public health for 2019, the county has figures as healthy as or healthier than those of the entire state.[271] In 2017–2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System figures, adults in Door County have the highest incidence of arthritis, high blood pressure, cancer, high cholesterol, kidney disease, heart disease, and stroke when compared to adults in Wisconsin counties to the south along the Lake Michigan shore. Among the same counties, Door County has the second lowest incidence of asthma and the loss of all teeth, while chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes rates are the second highest. When compared to counties directly to the north in the Upper Peninsula, health outcomes in Door County tend to be about the same or better, with mixed results when comparing Door County with Wisconsin counties directly to the west across Green Bay.[272] According to calculations based on 2010–2014 data, children born in Door County have a life expectancy of 80.9 years, the ninth highest of Wisconsin's 72 counties.[273] From 2000 to 2010, the county's premature death rate for people under 75 fell 35.0%, the second-greatest reduction in Wisconsin.[274]

With a rate of 9.53 county-medicated children per 1000 children, Door County had the fourth highest rate in the state out of all 27 counties and multi-county social services agencies reporting statistics on the psychiatric medication of minors in 2019. Out of the 51 medicated minors in 2021, 27 were female and 24 were male, 39 were white, 9 were of an unknown race, and 3 belonged to another race or was multiracial. Out of all races, 7 were ethnically Hispanic/Latino[275]

In 2017–2019 figures, 15.0% of the county's adult population smoked, the fourth lowest in the state and 275th lowest nationally.[276]

In 2018, Door County ranked 88th nationally for the lowest percentage of Medicare recipients who abused drugs or substances. It also had state's lowest prevalence of drug and substance abuse with 1.17% of Medicare recipients abusing drugs or substances. It also had the second lowest prevalence of alcohol abuse among Medicare recipients out of all Wisconsin counties. 1.36% of the 6,403 Medicare recipients in the county were known to abuse alcohol, which was less than the national average of 2.08%. It also ranked the lowest in the state for chronic kidney disease at 17.68% of Medicare recipients.[277] In 2018, 3.65% of all Medicare Part D prescriptions were for opioids, less than the state average of 4.67% and the national average of 4.68%. 4,376 Medicare claims in the county were for opioids and involved 66 different prescribers. Of the 4,376 claims, 624 of them (14.26%) involved long-acting opioids, which contain more drug, have a larger potential for misuse and addiction, and are of significant concern in the opioid epidemic in the United States. Although 14.26% was less than the state average of 14.47%, it was greater than the national average of 11.79%. Both the overall Medicare Part D opioid prescription rate and the rate for long-acting opioids decreased between 2013 and 2018.[278] In 2020, 15 deaths from opioid related overdoses were reported in the county.[279]

COVID-19

[edit]

On March 25, 2020, non-essential businesses were closed under the statewide Safer at Home order,[280] with the first case in the county reported on March 30.[281] After a ruling from the Wisconsin Supreme Court struck down the statewide order, the county board extended the quarantine until May 19, 2020.[282] Some businesses were impacted by the coronavirus-related suspension of the J-1 visa program; no foreign students received visas to work in Door County in 2020.[283] Meal sites for the elderly remained closed and did not reopen until June 7, 2021.[284] Additionally, the county Adult Protective Services experienced a 70.7% drop in referrals in 2020 with only 115 new referrals submitted.[285] This was due to elderly not leaving their homes as often and not having contact with people who typically file allegations with the Adult Protective Services.[286] Previously the volume of allegations of self-neglect, abuse, and financial exploitation[p] had increased from 61 referrals in 2007 to 392 referrals in 2019.[288] Reports of child abuse and neglect decreased from 433 in 2019 to 396 in 2020;[289] this was due to children not seeing teachers, medical professionals, or other mandated reporters.[286] In 2021, both counts increased, with 121 APS referrals[290] and 517 CPS reports for the year.[289] Coronavirus statistics are updated weekly by the Door County Public Health Office,[291] and vaccination figures are published by the Wisconsin Department of Health Services[292] and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[293]

Crime

[edit]

In 2020, there were 208 felony cases prosecuted by the county,[220] up from 195 cases in 2019 and 171 in 2018. No trials were held concerning any of the felony cases in 2020.[220] In 2019, 3 cases went to trial, down from 6 in 2018.[294]

The county has been a focus of sex-trafficking enforcement efforts.[295] From 2015 to 2020 there were no reports of sex-trafficking in the county.[296]

In 2014, the voluntary intoxication defense in Wisconsin was repealed due to outcry following its use during a trial in Door County. Initially the trial ended with a hung jury but a retrial resulted in a conviction.[297][298]

Communities

[edit]
Towns in 1915; the borders remain the same today except for annexations by the City of Sturgeon Bay and the four villages.

Incorporated communities

[edit]

City

[edit]

Villages

[edit]

Towns

[edit]

Unincorporated communities

[edit]

Census-designated places

Former communities

[edit]

Absorbed into Sturgeon Bay

[edit]

Sites used as parks

[edit]

Adjacent counties

[edit]
Further information: Green Bay metropolitan area
For a history of county borders, see Door Peninsula § County border adjustments.

By land

[edit]

In Green Bay

[edit]

Along the Rock Island Passage

[edit]

In Lake Michigan

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

Politics

[edit]

From May through August 2019, a randomized study asked 313 beachgoers visiting 27 Door County beaches and 85 beachgoers visiting three beaches in Algoma, Kewaunee, and Manitowoc which political party they belonged to. Out of the total 398 people surveyed, 38.4% were Democratic, 26% Republican, 19.6% Independent, 1% Green, 1% Libertarian, 2.2% Other, and 11.8% gave no response.[312] The county has voted for the winner of every presidential election since 1980, except in 1992.

The county has voted more moderately Republican than nearby Brown, Kewaunee and Manitowoc Counties ever since 1940, only voting for a Democrat in 1964 and 1996. In addition, the county has voted for the winning candidate in every presidential election since 1996. President Clinton was the last candidate to win nationally without carrying Door County in the 1992 presidential election.

Up until the 2022 Wisconsin gubernatorial election, Door County had voted Republican since the 2010 gubernatorial election.

United States presidential election results for Door County, Wisconsin[313]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 9,752 48.48% 10,044 49.93% 321 1.60%
2016 8,580 48.77% 8,014 45.55% 998 5.67%
2012 8,121 45.96% 9,357 52.95% 193 1.09%
2008 7,112 40.68% 10,142 58.02% 227 1.30%
2004 8,910 50.94% 8,367 47.84% 214 1.22%
2000 7,810 51.31% 6,560 43.10% 850 5.58%
1996 4,948 40.39% 5,590 45.63% 1,713 13.98%
1992 5,468 39.69% 4,735 34.37% 3,574 25.94%
1988 6,907 55.60% 5,425 43.67% 90 0.72%
1984 8,264 67.35% 3,916 31.91% 91 0.74%
1980 7,170 55.23% 4,961 38.21% 851 6.56%
1976 6,557 57.43% 4,553 39.88% 307 2.69%
1972 6,503 64.25% 3,430 33.89% 188 1.86%
1968 5,647 63.34% 2,728 30.60% 541 6.07%
1964 4,289 49.22% 4,416 50.68% 9 0.10%
1960 5,790 61.50% 3,610 38.35% 14 0.15%
1956 6,722 77.96% 1,859 21.56% 41 0.48%
1952 7,621 80.82% 1,790 18.98% 19 0.20%
1948 4,911 65.84% 2,440 32.71% 108 1.45%
1944 5,668 68.25% 2,599 31.29% 38 0.46%
1940 5,461 66.11% 2,750 33.29% 49 0.59%
1936 3,146 41.05% 3,952 51.57% 566 7.39%
1932 2,488 36.95% 4,149 61.61% 97 1.44%
1928 3,636 59.28% 2,456 40.04% 42 0.68%
1924 1,891 38.56% 235 4.79% 2,778 56.65%
1920 3,817 88.34% 385 8.91% 119 2.75%
1916 1,656 56.25% 1,204 40.90% 84 2.85%
1912 1,167 41.15% 769 27.12% 900 31.73%
1908 2,463 73.88% 778 23.34% 93 2.79%
1904 2,689 80.51% 515 15.42% 136 4.07%
1900 2,362 76.29% 674 21.77% 60 1.94%
1896 2,402 71.30% 895 26.57% 72 2.14%
1892 1,596 58.18% 1,007 36.71% 140 5.10%
[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ See the 1899 rail map.
  2. ^ For detailed soil maps showing specific areas, see the Web Soil Survey, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture
  3. ^ Summerville soil series information, also see inceptisol as Summerville soils are inceptisols.
  4. ^ Longrie soil series information, also see spodosol, as Longrie soils are spodosols.
  5. ^ Omena soil series information, also see alfisol, as Omena soils are alfisols.
  6. ^ Grand Traverse Island State Park was founded in 1970 and protects sightly more than 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land on Detroit Island.[100] It consists of five discontiguous parcels[101] and there is no ferry access; this undeveloped state park is ordinarily omitted from state park listings.
  7. ^ Gardner Swamp Wildlife Area, Mud Lake Wildlife Area, Reibolts Creek Public Access, and Schuyler Creek State Fishery Area
  8. ^ Access to SNAs depends on ownership, but most are free and open to the public. Complex ownership complicates a straightforward listing of the parks, as besides the land trust, the Nature Conservancy manages five preserves in the county.
  9. ^ See Trout stream classifications, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
  10. ^ See Skorpa for fika by Bonnie Sparrman in Pietisten 12(2), Fall/Winter 2017
  11. ^ As a food preparation ritual, fish boils in the county have been compared to the Lūʻau parties of Hawaii, the barbecues of the South, and the clambakes of the Northeast.[187]
  12. ^ For a description of Belgian acculturation towards Native Americans, see The Walloon Immigrants Of Northeast Wisconsin An Examination Of Ethnic Retention by Jacqueline Tinkler, MA Thesis, UT-Arlington, May 2013, pp. 26–27 (pp. 33–34 of the pdf)
  13. ^ Lane miles are the number of miles of road multiplied by the number of lanes; in Wisconsin lane mile figures each lane is a 12-foot (3.7 m) width of road.[211]
  14. ^ The other five private airports:
    • Forscoro Airport, Forestville
    • Hill Road Airport, Sister Bay[242]
    • Mick Schier Field Airport, Namur[243]
    • Mave's Lakeview Road Airport, Ellison Bay[244]
    • Sunny Slope Runway Airport, Egg Harbor[245]
  15. ^ This ferry is named after Robert Noble, who was a shipwreck survivor and 19th century ferry operator across Sturgeon Bay.[246]
  16. ^ In 2019, 85.6% of referrals alleging the abuse and neglect of adults or elderly involved self-neglect and 5.4% were for financial exploitation. The remaining 8.0% of referrals alleged other crimes, such as neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse.[287]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Robertson, Jim (March 4, 1969). "Our own story: It's here and It's delicious". Door County Advocate. Vol. 107, no. 99. p. 1.
  2. ^ a b "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  3. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  4. ^ "Wisconsin: Individual County Chronologies". Wisconsin Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. The Newberry Library. 2007. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
  5. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 108. Retrieved May 7, 2018 – via Internet Archive.
  6. ^ Kohl, Cris; Forsberg, Joan. Shipwrecks at Death's Door. p. 10.
  7. ^ Eaton, Conan Bryant (1980). Death's Door: The Pursuit of a Legend (Revised ed.). Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin: Bayprint. p. 22.
  8. ^ Holand, Hjalmar (1917). History of Door County Wisconsin, The County Beautiful. Chicago: S. J. Clarke. p. 77.
  9. ^ a b c "Chapter 3: Historical and Cultural Resources". Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030 (PDF). Vol. II, Resource Report. Table 3.1: Timeline of Historic Events in Door County. pp. 19–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020.
  10. ^ a b Historical Records Survey, Division of Women's and Professional Projects (1938). Inventory of the Church Archives of Wisconsin: Moravian Church. Works Progress Administration. p. 21. and Holand, Hjalmar R. (1917). "Chapter XXXIV: Ephraim". History of Door County, Wisconsin. Chicago: S. J. Clarke.
  11. ^ "On Islands, Lighthouses, & The Keeper of the Light on Pilot Island: Martin Nicolai Knudsen; 'A Gleam Across the Wave'". Norbert Blei Door County Times. December 20, 2006. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007.
  12. ^ Hale, James B. (1996). Going For The Mail: A History Of Door County Post Offices. Green Bay, Wisconsin: Brown County Historical Society.
  13. ^ Soucek, G. (2011). Door County Tales: Shipwrecks, Cherries and Goats on the Roof. American Chronicles. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61423-383-1. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  14. ^ Lott, Katie (May 1, 2009). "Southern Door County's Belgian Wayside Chapels". Door County Living. Retrieved January 22, 2019. "Where to Find Belgian Chapels in Door County". Door County Visitor Bureau. Retrieved January 22, 2019. "Wisconsin Belgian Roadside Chapels" (Map). Google Maps.
  15. ^ Holand, Hjalmar Rued (1933). "Chapter VII: Belgian Characteristics and Customs" (PDF). Wisconsin's Belgian community: an account of the early events in the Belgian settlement in northeastern Wisconsin with particular reference to the Belgians in Door County. pp. 82 ff. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. See also the Table of Contents for the entire book.
  16. ^ Powell, J. W.; Royce, Charles C.; Thomas, Cyrus (1899). "Wisconsin 1" (Map). Eighteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology: 1896-97, Part 2. 1:2,217,600. Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission. p. 728.
  17. ^ "Door County Survey Notes". Wisconsin Board of Commissioners of Public Lands.
  18. ^ "Surveys, Door County, Wisconsin". General Land Office Records. United States Bureau of Land Management.
  19. ^ "Fifty Cents an Acre". Door County Advocate. Vol. 76, no. 3. March 26, 1937. p. 4. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  20. ^ "Patents, Door County, Wisconsin". General Land Office Records. United States Bureau of Land Management.
  21. ^
  22. ^ "Patents, Land Act of 1820, Door County Wisconsin". General Land Office Records. United States Bureau of Land Management.
  23. ^ "Patents, Homestead Act of 1862, Door County Wisconsin". General Land Office Records. United States Bureau of Land Management.
  24. ^ "Patents, Morrill Act of 1862, Door County Wisconsin". General Land Office Records. United States Bureau of Land Management.
  25. ^ Holand, Hjalmar R. (March 26, 1937). "County Had 3,000 people in 1862; Sturgeon Bay, a Settlement of 30 Homes". Door County Advocate. Vol. 76, no. 3. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved August 9, 2021.
  26. ^ Moran, Joseph M.; Somerville, E. Lee (1990). Tornadoes of Fire at Williamsonville, Wisconsin, October 8, 1871 (PDF). Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  27. ^ Skiba, Justin (September 2, 2016). "The Fire That Took Williamsonville". Door County Living. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  28. ^ "Tornado Memorial Park" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020. kiosk historical notes, also see "County C Park and Ride lot panel draft" (PDF). p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  29. ^ Zimmerman, Lisa Marie (2013). Brick by Brick: A Comparative pXRF Analysis of Brickworks and Structures in the Belgian-American Community of the Door Peninsula (M.S. thesis). University of Wisconsin Milwaukee. and Holmes, Fred L. (1944). Old World Wisconsin: around Europe in the Badger State. E. M. Hale and Co. p. 163.
  30. ^ Transportation Profile Draft (PDF). Door County Comprehensive Plan 2030 Transportation Advisory Workgroup. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020.
  31. ^ "Station Sturgeon Bay Canal, Wisconsin" (PDF). U.S. Coast Guard History Program. United States Coast Guard. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
  32. ^ "USCG Station Washington Island" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
  33. ^ Wiley, Charles Frederick (1990). Did You Get the Eagle, Mr. Moss? A Memoir of Ephraim Summers. Sister Bay, Wisconsin: Wm Caxton. pp. 34 and 109.
  34. ^ Wiley (1990), pp. 110–115.
  35. ^ Nolen, John (1909). State parks for Wisconsin. Report of John Nolen, Landscape Architect, With Letter of Transmittal by State Park Board. p. 31.
  36. ^ Schuknecht, Roy J. (May–June 1921). "Wisconsin's Wonderland". See America First Magazine. Vol. 7, no. 4. p. 103.
  37. ^ Ellis, William S. (March 1969). "Wisconsin's Door Peninsula 'A Kingdom So Delicious'". National Geographic. p. 350.
  38. ^ Bureau of Environmental Impact (June 1978). "Recreational Demand". Environmental Impact Statement for Proposed Acquisition, Development and Management of Grand Traverse Islands State Park, Door County Wisconsin. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. p. 35.
  39. ^ "Appendix E, Bay Shore County Park 4(f)/6(4) Evaluation, Purpose and Need for Proposed Action, Part C. Need for the Action". Final Environmental Impact Statement, Project I.D. 1480-04/08-00, STH 57, STH 54 - STH 42 Brown, Kewaunee and Door Counties. December 3, 1998. p. 10.
  40. ^ quotation taken from the Green Bay Press Gazette, June 15, 1938, in Tishler, William H. (2006). Door County's Emerald Treasure: A History of Peninsula State Park. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 194. ISBN 9780299220730.
  41. ^ Hodges, Heidi & Steebs, Kathy (2018). Hidden History of Sturgeon Bay. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press. p. 113. ISBN 9781467119702.
  42. ^ Bellak, Theodore (1995). Memoirs of Gliding and Soaring. Freeman, South Dakota: Pine Hill Press. p. 69. ISBN 9781575790046.
  43. ^ "Glider Crosses Lake in 1 Hour and 6 Minutes". Door County News. June 15, 1939. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  44. ^ "Here He Goes! Bellak and His Sailplane!". Door County Advocate. June 16, 1939. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  45. ^ Bellak, Theodore (1995). Memoirs of Gliding and Soaring. Freeman, South Dakota: Pine Hill Press. pp. 70, 204. ISBN 9781575790046.
  46. ^ "Door County and Jingdezhen, China: Sister Cities". Door County Living. July 1, 2004. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  47. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
  48. ^ Geib, W. J.; Thompson, Carl; Geib, H.V. (1918). Soil Survey of Door County, Wisconsin (PDF). USDA Bureau of Soils. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
  49. ^ Sherrill, M.G. (1978). "Geology and ground water in Door County, Wisconsin, with emphasis on contamination potential in the Silurian dolomite" (PDF). Open-File Report. U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 11–12. doi:10.3133/OFR7761. S2CID 210024286. Water-Supply Paper 2047. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 26, 2020.
  50. ^ Swanson, Susan. Wisconsin Springs: Data (Map). Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. See the four points located in the county on the electronic map.
  51. ^ Wardius, K.; Wardius, B. (2013). Wisconsin Lighthouses: A Photographic and Historical Guide, Revised Edition. Wisconsin Historical Society Press. pp. 100–25. ISBN 978-0-87020-610-8. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  52. ^ Dunphy, Maureen (2016). "Washington Island, Wisconsin". Great Lakes Island Escapes. Wayne State University Press. p. 64.
  53. ^ Bertrand, Gerard; Lang, Jean; Ross, John (January 1976). "Section 6.1: Early History". The Green Bay Watershed: Past/Present/Future. Technical report / University of Wisconsin—Madison Sea Grant Program; no.29. University of Wisconsin Sea Grant College Program. p. 142. Technical Report #229.
  54. ^ "Chapter 2". City of Sturgeon Bay Comprehensive Plan Update (PDF). 2010. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020.
  55. ^ "Meridian County Park". Door County Parks. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  56. ^ "Meridian County Park and Harter-Matter Sanctuary Map and trail guide" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
  57. ^ "Chapter 8. Central Lake Michigan Coastal Ecological Landscape: Bedrock Geology" (PDF). The ecological landscapes of Wisconsin: An assessment of ecological resources and a guide to planning sustainable management. Madison: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2015. p. J-5. PUB-SS-1131Q 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 28, 2010.
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  59. ^ Lower Silurian (Llandovery) Facies, Sequence Stratigraphy, and Porosity Patterns in the Door Peninsula, Wisconsin: An Outcrop View by Mark T. Harris and Kurt R. Waldhuetter, in The Silurian Dolomite Aquifer of the Door Peninsula: Facies, Sequence Stratigraphy, Porosity, and Hydrogeology: Field Trip Guidebook (Revised Version) for the 1996 Fall Field Conference of the Great Lakes Section of the SEPM, Green Bay, Wisconsin and Pre-meeting field trip for the 1997 Meeting of the North-Central Section of the GSA, Madison Wisconsin January 1998, pages 8-12 (pages 12-16 of the pdf)
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  234. ^ "Bus to Wisconsin". Jefferson Lines. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
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  237. ^ a b c Bureau of Aeronautics (June 2021). "Table: List of Responding Airports". Wisconsin Airports Rates and Charges Survey: 2020 (PDF). Wisconsin Department of Transportation. pp. 31–32.
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  239. ^ "Crispy Cedars Airport". Airport-Data.com.
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  249. ^ Fishing Guide of Door County: Door County Boat Access Sites Map. Archived from the original on August 4, 2016.
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  251. ^ Wisconsin's Lake Michigan Water Trail Project: Inventory and Analysis of Access Sites in Support of a Lake Michigan Water Trail (PDF). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. December 2011. pp. 13–23. Also see Map 3, Map 4, Map 5, and the electronic Lake Michigan State Water Trail map
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  265. ^ Table 1. Summary of General Characteristics of Persons: 1990, p. 20 of the pdf
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  268. ^ Net County-to-County Migration Flow (5-year estimate) for Door County, WI, Federal Reserve Economic Data, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
  269. ^ Stella Maris Parish website, About Us: Locations, accessed December 14, 2019
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  277. ^ Medicare Chronic Conditions Dashboard, County Level, U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
  278. ^ Medicare Part D Opioid Prescribing Rates - by Geography: Visualization: Medicare Part D Opioid Prescribing Mapping Tool, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services
  279. ^ Free Narcan Kits Available to Reverse Opioid Overdoses by Debra Fitzgerald, Door County Pulse, June 16, 2022
  280. ^ "Gov. Tony Evers issues 'Safer At Home' order closing non-essential businesses". wisn.com. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
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  283. ^ Businesses adapt to worker shortage without J-1 Visa Program by Mackenzie Amundsen, WBAY-TV, July 6, 2020
  284. ^ June Newsletter, 2021, Aging and Disability Resource Center of Door County, page 3
  285. ^ Table: Heath and Human Services Statistics on page 9 of Heath and Human Services Board Agenda for February 8, 2021
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  287. ^ In Health and Human Services Board Agenda for February 10, 2020, part H of Quarterly Written Agency Updates by Joseph Krebsbach, director of Door County Health and Human Services, page 3 in the Updates (page 23 of the pdf)
  288. ^ Annual Reports, Door County Board of Supervisors, 2007, page 71 (page 72 of the pdf); 2008, page 73 (page 74 of the pdf); 2009, page 175; 2010, page 71 (page 73 of the pdf), 2011, page 70 (page 72 of the pdf); 2012, page 81; 2013, page 36; 2014, page 37; 2015, page 40; 2016, page 43; 2017, page 45; 2018, page 43; and 2019, page 40
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  304. ^ Maps of borders along county waters are available on the Selection Map at data.census.gov
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  307. ^ Johnson, Robert (November 16, 2018). "Traveling Back: In 2003, Door County Was 'Football Capital of the World'". Green Bay Press-Gazette.
  308. ^ Pajot, Dennis. "Henry Killilea". Society for American Baseball Research.
  309. ^ Christl, Cliff (May 6, 2015). "Five Worst Fires in Packers History". Green Bay Packers.
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  311. ^ Commemorative biographical record of the counties of Brown, Kewaunee and Door, Wisconsin, and containing biographical sketches of prominent and representative citizens, and of many of the early settled families, Chicago: J. H. Beers, 1895, page 494
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Further reading

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Door County, Wisconsin.
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